The degradation rate describes the speed at which organic or inorganic substances in water or wastewater are degraded by physical, chemical or biological processes. In industrial water and wastewater treatment, the ... read more
The evaporation residue refers to the solid and dissolved residues that remain after the evaporation of water or wastewater. These residues consist of non-volatile components such as salts, minerals, organic substances and other ... read more
Filterable substances are solid particles and suspended solids that are contained in water or wastewater and can be retained by mechanical filtration processes. These substances include a wide range of particles, such as ... read more
Discharge refers to the controlled removal of water or wastewater from a system, be it a natural body of water, a drainage system or an industrial water treatment or wastewater treatment plant. In technical systems, ... read more
Deposits are solid substances that deposit on the surfaces of pipes, heat exchangers, tanks or other water-bearing systems. These solids are formed by the precipitation of dissolved substances that are formed by chemical, physical ... read more
The discharge values are important parameters that describe the quality of the treated wastewater that leaves a water or wastewater treatment plant and is discharged into natural waters or the sewage system. These values determine ... read more
A separator is a technical device used in water and wastewater treatment to remove unwanted substances such as solids, grease, oil, heavy metals or suspended solids from liquids. Separators are ... read more
A sedimentation tank is a technical device for the mechanical pre-treatment of water or wastewater in which solids are separated from the water by sedimentation. The basin uses gravity to remove suspended solids from the water . read more
The settling velocity describes the speed at which particles sink in a liquid due to gravity. It is a decisive parameter in sedimentation tanks and clarification processes where solids are separated from the water by sedimentation . read more
Absorption is a physico-chemical process in which gases, liquids or dissolved substances are absorbed into another medium and evenly distributed there. In industrial water and wastewater treatment, absorption ... read more
A butterfly valve is an important component in industrial water and wastewater technology that is used to regulate, control and shut off pipelines. It belongs to the category of shut-off valves and is ... read more
A gate valve is a shut-off valve that is used to control or completely shut off the flow in piping systems. In industrial water and wastewater treatment, the gate valve is often used to ... read more
Wastewater is a generic term for all types of water that are contaminated by domestic, commercial, industrial or agricultural use and therefore require treatment before they are returned to the environment. In the industrial ... read more
Wastewater from bakeries belongs to the category of commercial and industrial wastewater and is mainly generated in the production and cleaning of equipment in bakeries. Due to its specific composition, which includes organic ... read more
The wastewater from biodiesel production results from the production of biodiesel by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with alcohol (often methanol) and a catalyst (e.g. sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide). ... read more
Beverage production involves a variety of processes such as mixing, bottling, cleaning and cooling, all of which use water in different qualities and quantities. As a result, industrial wastewater is produced, which ... read more
Industrial surface coating comprises a variety of processes, including painting, electroplating, powder coating and anodizing, which are used for the functional and decorative finishing of surfaces. These processes often generate waste water with complex ... read more
The wastewater from paper mills is produced in large quantities and contains a variety of impurities caused by the different production processes. A special feature of this wastewater is the high content of ... read more
Sugar production is a water-intensive industry that produces large quantities of wastewater containing both organic and inorganic pollutants. In addition to the treatment of process water and the treatment of vapor condensates ... read more
Wastewater treatment plants are technical facilities used to collect, transport, treat and return treated wastewater from households, industry and commerce to the environment. The aim of these plants is to remove pollutants ... read more
Wastewater treatment is a multi-stage process that aims to remove pollutants and contaminants from wastewater in order to treat the water so that it can be discharged into the environment or reused ... read more
Wastewater neutralization is an essential process in industrial wastewater treatment that serves to bring the pH value of acidic or alkaline wastewater to a neutral range (pH 6.5-8.5). This step ... read more
Wastewater treatment is a multi-stage process that aims to remove pollutants and contaminants from wastewater in order to treat the water so that it can be discharged into the environment or reused ... read more
Wastewater reclamation plays a crucial role in modern water management. It comprises technologies and processes that aim to treat wastewater so that it can be reused or returned to the cycle. ... read more
Wastewater technology encompasses all technical measures and processes for the collection, discharge, treatment and recycling of wastewater. This primarily involves the treatment of wastewater, rainwater and industrial wastewater that is contaminated ... read more
The Wastewater Ordinance (AbwV) is a central legal regulation in Germany that governs the requirements for the discharge of wastewater into bodies of water or into the sewage system. It specifies which limit values ... read more
Adsorption is a key physico-chemical process in industrial water treatment in which molecules or ions from a liquid or gas adhere to the surface of a solid. This takes place either ... read more
The Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) describes a group of chemical processes based on the generation of reactive radicals, in particular hydroxyl radicals (-OH). These radicals have an extremely high oxidizing power and can ... read more
The term aerobic describes processes that take place in the presence of oxygen (O₂). In industrial water and wastewater treatment, this refers to biological processes in which microorganisms break down organic compounds under ... read more
Aerobic treatment is a biological process in which organic impurities in water or wastewater are broken down by microorganisms using oxygen (O₂). This form of water and wastewater treatment ... read more
Activated carbon is a porous carbon material that is widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment to adsorb dissolved organic contaminants, odors and flavors as well as pollutants such as heavy metals and micropollutants. ... read more
Activated carbon is a porous carbon material that is widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment to adsorb dissolved organic contaminants, odors and flavors as well as pollutants such as heavy metals and micropollutants. ... read more
Alkalinity describes the ability of water to neutralize acids and is determined by the concentration of hydrogen carbonate (HCO₃-), carbonate (CO₃²-) and, to a lesser extent, hydroxide ions (OH-). It is a ... read more
In industrial water treatment, alkalization refers to increasing the pH value of water or wastewater by adding alkaline chemicals. The aim is to change the water chemistry in such a way that ... read more
Waste acids are used or spent acids that are produced in various industrial processes, such as metal processing, electroplating or surface treatment. These acids have lost their original concentration or purity, but are still ... read more
Aluminum chloride is an inorganic compound that is used in industrial water and wastewater treatment, primarily as a precipitant. Its main property lies in its ability to precipitate by forming hydroxide complexes in ... read more
Aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) is an important chemical substance in water and wastewater treatment. It is mainly used as a precipitant to remove impurities such as suspended solids, organic substances and phosphates from water . read more
Ammonia stripping is a physico-chemical process for removing ammonium (NH₄⁺) or ammonia (NH₃) from wastewater. This process is frequently used in industrial wastewater treatment to reduce high nitrogen concentrations ... read more
Ammonification is a biological process in which organically bound nitrogen in the form of proteins, amino acids or nucleic acids is converted into ammonia (NH₃) or ammonium (NH₄⁺) by the breakdown of organic material ... read more
Ammonium (NH₄⁺) is a positively charged ionic compound (cation) that is formed from ammonia (NH₃) by reaction with water. It plays a central role in the nitrogen cycle and is an important parameter in ... read more
Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) refers to the amount of nitrogen present in aqueous solution as ammonium ion (NH₄⁺). It plays a central role in industrial water and wastewater treatment and is ... read more
Anaerobic refers to processes or life forms that take place or exist without oxygen. In the context of industrial water and wastewater treatment, the term "anaerobic" refers to biological reactions in which organic substances ... read more
An anaerobic reactor is a technical system for treating waste water or other organic substances under anaerobic conditions - i.e. in the absence of oxygen. In these reactors, special anaerobic ... read more
Anaerobic treatment is a biological process for wastewater and sludge treatment in which organic substances are broken down under anaerobic conditions (i.e. without oxygen). This process plays an important role ... read more
An anion exchanger is an essential component of ion exchange systems used in industrial water treatment and waste water treatment to remove anionic impurities (negatively charged ions) from aqueous solutions. The anion exchanger ... read more
An anionic polymer is a water-soluble flocculant used in industrial water and wastewater treatment for the precipitation and flocculation of solid particles and suspended solids. It is a ... read more
Plant availability describes the ratio of the actual operating time of a plant to the planned operating time and is a key parameter in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It indicates how often a ... read more
The term anoxic refers to an environment or process in which no dissolved oxygen (O₂) is present. In contrast to anaerobic (completely without oxygen), anoxic conditions can, however, use other sources of oxygen ... read more
An antiscalant is a chemical used in industrial water treatment plants, particularly in membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), to prevent the formation of deposits or scaling on the membranes .
The Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) describes a group of chemical processes based on the generation of reactive radicals, in particular hydroxyl radicals (-OH). These radicals have an extremely high oxidizing power and can ... read more
AOX stands for adsorbable organically bound halogens and describes a group of organic compounds that contain halogens such as chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) or iodine (I) and are characterized by their adsorption capacity ... read more
Valves are essential components in industrial water and wastewater treatment that are used to control, regulate and shut off fluid flows in piping systems. They enable the safe and controlled operation of ... read more
Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and atomic number 33. It is a semi-metal and occurs in both organic and inorganic compounds. In ... read more
A growth carrier is a solid substrate or material that serves as a colonization surface for microorganisms in biological water and wastewater treatment processes. Growth media are mainly used in biofilm-based reactor systems, such as trickling filters, ... read more
A belt filter is a continuously operating filter system used for solid-liquid separation in industrial water and wastewater treatment plants. The belt filter consists of an endless filter belt that moves continuously or intermittently, ... read more
Treatment chemicals are essential components in industrial water and wastewater treatment. They are used to optimize the physico-chemical properties of water, remove pollutants, prevent deposits and increase the efficiency of ... read more
A pickling plant is an industrial plant or part of a plant in which metallic materials are freed from oxide layers, impurities or scale by chemical processes. This is done using pickling solutions that ... read more
The activated sludge process is a widely used biological process for the treatment of wastewater. It is based on the use of aerobic microorganisms that break down organic compounds in wastewater. These are ... read more
The aeration tank is a central component of the activated sludge process, which is used in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment for the biological purification of wastewater. In this basin, the biological decomposition of wastewater ... read more
The activated sludge process is a biological process for wastewater treatment that is widely used in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. It is based on the activity of aerobic microorganisms, which are ... read more
Aeration is a central process in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment and is mainly used to introduce oxygen into the water or wastewater. This oxygen is required by aerobic microorganisms to ... read more
Bentonite is a naturally occurring, highly swellable clay mineral consisting mainly of the clay type montmorillonite. It is characterized by its high adsorption capacity and ion exchange capacity, which makes it a versatile mineral for ... read more
Operational management in the field of industrial water and wastewater treatment refers to the systematic management, monitoring and optimization of water treatment plants and wastewater treatment systems. The aim is to ensure the efficient operation of the plants ... read more
Operational management in the field of industrial water and wastewater treatment refers to the systematic management, monitoring and optimization of water treatment plants and wastewater treatment systems. The aim is to ensure the efficient operation of the plants ... read more
Operating fluids in industrial water and wastewater treatment are essential components used to optimize the operation and efficiency of plants. They include a variety of chemicals, materials and ... read more
An operating logbook is a central component of the documentation and monitoring of water treatment and wastewater treatment plants. It is used for the complete recording of all relevant operating data, events and measures that occur in the daily operation of a ... read more
Biofiltration is a biological process for the purification of water and wastewater that is based on the use of microorganisms that are colonized in special filter media. These microorganisms break down organic and inorganic ... read more
A biofiltration system is a technical device for the biological purification of water and wastewater in which microorganisms on special growth media (filter materials) are used to break down organic compounds and other impurities. Biofiltration systems ... read more
Biofouling refers to the biological fouling of surfaces in water treatment plants, particularly on membranes, pipes, heat exchangers and other components that come into contact with water. It is caused by the growth and accumulation of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi , ... read more
The production of biogas from wastewater is an efficient and sustainable process that is becoming increasingly important in industrial wastewater treatment. Particularly in the food industry, dairies, the sugar industry and ... read more
A biogas plant is a technical facility for the anaerobic treatment of organic waste and wastewater in which biogas is produced in the absence of oxygen. This biogas, which mainly consists of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) ... read more
A bioinhibitor is a chemical substance that inhibits or controls the growth and activity of microorganisms in water circuits and water treatment systems. The primary use of bioinhibitors is to inhibit biofouling and ... read more
Biologically activated filtration (BAF) is a water and wastewater treatment process that combines biological and physical processes to remove organic matter, nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) and other impurities from wastewater . read more
Biodegradability describes the ability of organic compounds to be broken down by the metabolic processes of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or algae. In industrial water and wastewater treatment, this property is of ... read more
Biological deposits, also known as biofilms or biofouling, are accumulations of microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi and other biological materials on surfaces in contact with water. These deposits occur in ... read more
Biological wastewater treatment is a key process for the purification of industrial and municipal wastewater. It uses the natural metabolic processes of microorganisms to remove organic compounds, nutrients and pollutants from wastewater . read more
Biomass recirculation is a crucial process in biological wastewater treatment in which the sludge, which contains a high concentration of active microorganisms, is returned to the biological reactor system. This step ... read more
A biocide is a chemical substance or microorganism that is used specifically to combat harmful organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae or viruses or to inhibit their growth. In the ... read more
Biocenosis refers to the totality of all living organisms, especially microorganisms, that live together and interact in a specific ecosystem or technological system. In biological wastewater treatment or in biofilters, the ... read more
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic compounds in a water sample. The BOD is ... read more
Breweries not only produce beer, but also considerable quantities of waste water. This wastewater has a complex composition, ranging from organic substances such as sugar and starch to cleaning agents and ... read more
Vapor condensates are a characteristic by-product of thermal processes, especially in the food and beverage industry, breweries, the chemical industry and in evaporation plants. Their treatment and possible recovery are decisive steps towards ... read more
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is one of the most important parameters in water and wastewater technology. It indicates the amount of oxygen that microorganisms require in order to break down the biodegradable organic substances ... read more
Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is a widely used inorganic salt that occurs naturally in the form of limestone, marble or chalk. Calcium carbonate plays a central role in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment, both ... read more
Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), also known as slaked lime or slaked lime, is an inorganic compound that plays an important role in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment. It is formed by the reaction of ... read more
Carbonate precipitation is a chemical process for removing dissolved ions (especially heavy metals, calcium and magnesium) from water and wastewater. The ions are removed by the addition of carbonate ions (CO₃²-) ... read more
A batch plant is a system for the discontinuous treatment of water or wastewater that operates in batch mode. In contrast to continuously operating systems, a batch system treats a defined quantity of ... read more
Chemical-physical treatment is a method of purifying industrial wastewater and process water in which chemical and physical processes are combined to remove pollutants from the water or render them harmless ... read more
Chemical-physical treatment is a method of purifying industrial wastewater and process water in which chemical and physical processes are combined to remove pollutants from the water or render them harmless ... read more
Chromium(III), also known as chromium III ion or chromium trioxide, is one of the most common oxidation states of chromium (besides chromium(VI)) and plays an important role in industrial water and wastewater treatment. Chromium(III) is the ... read more
Chromium(VI), also known as hexavalent chromium or chromate, is a highly reactive and toxic oxidation state of the element chromium. It is one of the most dangerous and environmentally harmful forms of chromium, as it is highly ... read more
Chromium reduction is an essential chemical process in industrial wastewater treatment that aims to convert the highly toxic chromium(VI) (hexavalent chromium) into the less toxic and easier to remove form chromium(III) (trivalent chromium) . read more
The neutralization of wastewater is an essential process in order to meet the legal requirements for discharge into bodies of water or municipal sewage treatment plants. Neutralization with carbon dioxide is a particularly sustainable method ... read more
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is a central parameter in water and wastewater treatment, which indicates the amount of oxygen required to fulfill all the ... read more
Container construction offers a flexible and sustainable alternative to conventional hall construction, especially for the construction of industrial water treatment plants. This technology makes it possible to install complete systems in modular technical room containers that can be ... read more
Chemical-physical treatment, which is carried out in CP plants, is a process for cleaning industrial wastewater and process water in which chemical and physical processes are combined to remove pollutants from the water . read more
The COD (chemical oxygen demand) is an important parameter in water and wastewater treatment and describes the amount of oxygen required for the chemical oxidation of all organic and inorganic compounds in a water ... read more
COD is a technical parameter used in industrial wastewater treatment, particularly in biological processes. It describes the quantity of organic compounds, measured as COD (chemical oxygen demand), which ... read more
Cyanides are chemical compounds containing a cyano group (-CN) consisting of a carbon (C) and a nitrogen atom (N). They are widely used in various industrial processes, including metalworking, ... read more
Cyanide detoxification is an essential process in industrial wastewater treatment aimed at converting toxic cyanide compounds into less hazardous substances or eliminating them completely. Cyanides are found in many industries ... read more
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a physical separation process that is widely used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove undissolved and dissolved substances such as fats, oils, hydrocarbons, dissolved metals and organic ... read more
A steam boiler system is an industrial system for generating steam that is used in various processes, such as power generation, in heating systems or for direct use in industrial production processes. The ... read more
Deammonification is an innovative biological process for removing nitrogen from wastewater, which is used particularly in industrial wastewater treatment where there are high nitrogen concentrations and a low carbon content. In contrast to conventional ... read more
Denitrification is a biological process that plays an important role in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. It refers to the conversion of nitrate (NO₃-) and nitrite (NO₂-) to gaseous nitrogen ... read more
Disinfection is a critical process in industrial water treatment to eliminate or control the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi. This step is particularly important to ... read more
German hardness (°dH) is a unit of measurement commonly used in Germany to determine water hardness, which indicates the content of dissolved calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in water. These ions are ... read more
Direct dischargers are companies, businesses or facilities that discharge their wastewater requiring treatment directly into natural bodies of water such as rivers, lakes or coastal waters without this wastewater having been previously treated by a municipal or industrial ... read more
Dispersants are chemical additives that play a central role in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment. Their main function is to bring solid particles or deposits in the water into a stable suspension . read more
Dispersants are special chemicals that are used in water and wastewater treatment to improve the distribution of fine particles and sediments in a liquid and to prevent clumping or flocculation of particles .
In water and wastewater treatment, dispersion refers to the distribution of fine particles in a liquid in which the particles remain evenly suspended in the medium without combining or separating. Dispersion processes ... read more
DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) is an important parameter in industrial water and wastewater treatment and indicates the concentration of organic carbon compounds that are present in the water in ... read more
Dosing and preparation station refers to an important component in industrial water and wastewater treatment that is responsible for the precise and continuous dosing of chemicals in a water or wastewater flow. This ... read more
Dosing pump refers to a specialized pump that doses precise amounts of chemicals or additives into a water or wastewater stream to achieve specific treatment goals. Dosing pumps are central to water and wastewater ... read more
In industrial water and wastewater treatment, dosing technology refers to the precise addition of chemicals to achieve specific treatment objectives. The choice and fine-tuning of dosing are decisive for the efficiency and ... read more
Dissolved air flotation is a physical separation process that is widely used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove undissolved and dissolved substances such as fats, oils, hydrocarbons, dissolved metals and organic compounds (COD) from ... read more
Pressure measurement is an essential process in industrial water and wastewater treatment and is used to monitor and control system pressures in a wide variety of processes. The precise measurement of pressure in water treatment and ... read more
Electrodionization (EDI) is an innovative water treatment process used to produce high-purity water. EDI combines ion exchange and electrodialysis and enables the continuous desalination of water without the need for ... read more
EGSB reactor (Expanded Granular Sludge Bed reactor) is an advanced technology for anaerobic wastewater treatment and belongs to the family of high-performance biogas plants. Developed for the treatment of wastewater with a high organic load, the EGSB reactor uses a ... read more
Thickeners are system components in industrial water and wastewater treatment that are used to increase the solids concentration in sludges and suspensions and thus reduce the volume. They are particularly important ... read more
Thickening is a process for reducing the water content in sludge and for concentrating solids in industrial wastewater treatment and sewage sludge treatment. It is used to reduce the volume of the sludge content, ... read more
Iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃) is one of the most frequently used chemicals in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It belongs to the group of precipitants and plays an important role in phosphate elimination, heavy metal precipitation ... read more
Ferric chloride (FeCl₃), also known as iron(III) chloride, is one of the most commonly used chemicals in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It belongs to the group of precipitants and plays an important role in ... read more
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a state-of-the-art technology for the production of ultra-pure water and is used in applications where very low conductivity and low residual mineralization are required. The EDI process combines ... read more
In industrial water and wastewater treatment, eluate refers to the liquid that is separated from a solid during the washing or elution process. In the context of filter or ion exchange processes, eluate ... read more
An emulsion is a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, in which one phase is dispersed in the other in the form of fine droplets. The two ... read more
Emulsion splitting is a central process in industrial wastewater treatment in which stable oil-water mixtures are separated. These emulsions are often produced in the metal processing, food, petrochemical and recycling industries. The challenge lies in ... read more
The final inspection is a crucial process step in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It is used for final inspection and quality assurance before the treated water is reused or discharged into the environment. ... read more
Deferrization refers to the process of removing dissolved iron and manganese from water. These substances often occur in natural groundwater and, at high concentrations, can cause problems such as discoloration, deposits ... read more
Softening refers to the process of removing calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, which are responsible for water hardness. Hard water causes problems in many industrial processes, as the dissolved hardness constituents ... Read more
Defoamers are chemical additives that are used in various industrial processes to prevent or reduce unwanted foam formation. Foam often occurs in water-bearing systems when gas bubbles are stabilized by surface tension. ... read more
Liquid hazardous waste from industry poses a particular challenge as it often contains highly concentrated pollutants. This waste is generated in numerous industries and differs in terms of its composition and ... read more
Disposal refers to the professional handling of waste, in particular its collection, transportation, treatment, recycling and disposal. In an industrial context, this includes both solid and liquid waste, including hazardous special waste. The ... read more
Dissolved air flotation is a physical separation process that is widely used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove undissolved and dissolved substances such as fats, oils, hydrocarbons, dissolved metals and organic compounds (COD) from ... read more
A dewatering plant is a plant or system specifically designed to remove water from sludge or liquid-solid mixtures. Such plants are a central component in industrial wastewater treatment ... read more
Progressing cavity pumps are positive displacement pumps that are characterized by their ability to reliably pump highly viscous, solid-containing and abrasive media. They are widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment, as they are robust and ... read more
Precipitants are chemicals used in industrial wastewater treatment to convert dissolved substances into insoluble particles. This process, known as precipitation, is crucial for the removal of contaminants such as ... read more
Precipitation is a fundamental chemical-physical process in industrial wastewater treatment that aims to convert dissolved substances such as heavy metals, phosphates and other inorganic and organic compounds into insoluble solids. Through ... read more
Precipitation and flocculation are essential processes in industrial wastewater treatment that aim to remove dissolved and colloidal substances in wastewater and convert them into a settleable or filterable form. ... read more
Precipitation and flocculation plants are central systems in industrial wastewater treatment that aim to remove dissolved and colloidal impurities. These plants use chemical processes to convert dissolved substances into solid particles and ... read more
Precipitation equipment is a key component in industrial wastewater treatment, designed to convert dissolved substances such as heavy metals, phosphates and organic contaminants into insoluble particles in order to remove them from the ... read more
Precipitants are chemicals used in industrial wastewater treatment to convert dissolved substances into insoluble particles. This process, known as precipitation, is crucial for the removal of contaminants such as ... read more
The production of paints, coatings and pigments is a complex industrial process involving a variety of raw materials, chemical reactions and physical processing steps. A central aspect of this industry is the ... read more
A Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) is an essential part of quality assurance in mechanical and plant engineering. The FAT is carried out at the manufacturer's production facility before the plant or system is ... read more
Digested sludge is an end product of anaerobic decomposition processes that take place in special reactors such as digestion towers or biogas plants. During these processes, microorganisms decompose organic substances in the absence of oxygen and convert them into biogas (mainly ... read more
The Fenton process is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH-). These radicals oxidize organic compounds in wastewater and convert them into ... read more
A fermenter is a technical system for carrying out biological processes in which microorganisms, enzymes or cells break down, convert or synthesize substances. In industrial water and wastewater treatment, fermenters are used before ... read more
Remote maintenance refers to the ability to monitor, control and maintain technical systems remotely via digital communication channels. In industrial water treatment, this is an essential tool for increasing the efficiency ... read more
A remote maintenance modem is a communication device that enables the remote monitoring and control of industrial systems. It establishes a secure connection between the system and a central control center or mobile end devices. The ... read more
Definition and meaning The solids content describes the quantity of solid particles suspended or dissolved in a liquid. These particles can be of organic or inorganic origin and have a significant influence ... read more
Grease separators are specialized systems for separating and retaining fats, oils and other floatable substances from wastewater streams. These separators are mainly used in industries such as food processing, catering, slaughterhouses and ... read more
The filter chamber is a central component of dewatering units and filter presses that are used in industrial water and wastewater treatment to separate solids and liquids. The filter chamber, together with the ... read more
Filter cake refers to the solid residue mass that is produced during the mechanical filtration and dewatering of sludge, particularly in processes such as the chamber filter press or other pressure filtration technologies. The filter cake consists of the retained ... read more
A filter press is a mechanical dewatering process used in industrial wastewater treatment and sludge treatment to separate solids from liquids and reduce the water content in sludge. Filter presses ... read more
Filtrate refers to the liquid that has been separated from solids after a filtration process. It is the purified or clarified water that has flowed through a filter medium, while the insoluble solids have ... read more
Flocculation is an important process in water and wastewater treatment in which fine, colloidal particles in the water are brought together to form larger aggregates, so-called flocs. These flocs are easier to separate and ... read more
A flocculation plant is a technical device for carrying out the flocculation process. Flocculants are added to this system in order to aggregate the smallest suspended particles or impurities in the water into flocs, which are then ... read more
Flocculation filtration combines the flocculation process with filtration to remove solids from the water. First, flocculants are introduced into the water to aggregate fine particles into flocs. These ... read more
Flocculants are essential chemical additives in industrial wastewater treatment that support the flocculation process by aggregating finely dispersed particles in the water into larger flocs. These larger flocs are easier to ... read more
Flocculants are essential chemical additives in industrial wastewater treatment that support the flocculation process by aggregating finely dispersed particles in the water into larger flocs. These larger flocs are easier to ... read more
Flotation is a physical separation process that is widely used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove undissolved and dissolved substances such as fats, oils, hydrocarbons, dissolved metals and organic compounds (COD) from ... read more
The flotation plant is a physical separation process that is widely used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove undissolved and dissolved substances such as fats, oils, hydrocarbons, dissolved metals and organic compounds (COD) from ... read more
Flotation aids are chemical substances that are used in industrial wastewater treatment to optimize the flotation process. The main task of these auxiliaries is to improve the separation performance of flotation plants by increasing the ... read more
Flotate sludge is a by-product/waste product that is produced as part of a flotation system used for wastewater treatment. This physical separation method is used to remove undissolved particles and impurities from wastewater. Flotate sludge consists of ... read more
Liquid hazardous waste from industry poses a particular challenge as it often contains highly concentrated pollutants. This waste is generated in numerous industries and differs in terms of its composition and ... read more
River water treatment is essential for industries with high water requirements in order to obtain process water from surface water sources such as rivers or lakes in an efficient and environmentally friendly manner. This treatment comprises several steps that are coordinated ... read more
A frequency converter (also known as a frequency inverter) is an electrical device that adjusts the frequency and voltage of the alternating current to control the speed and torque of an electric motor. This makes it ... read more
GAK or granular activated carbon is a highly effective filter material used in water and wastewater treatment to remove organic compounds, odors and flavors as well as micropollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals and pharmaceutical residues. Technical ... read more
A GAK filter is an essential component of modern water treatment systems and is used to remove organic and inorganic pollutants and micropollutants from water. Granular activated carbon, the heart of this filter, is characterized by ... read more
Electroplating is an electrochemical process used to coat metal surfaces with a thin layer of another metal. The aim is to improve the properties of the base material, such as corrosion protection, ... read more
Dissolved substances are substances that are completely dissolved in a liquid, such as water, and therefore cannot be removed by mechanical separation processes such as sedimentation or filtration. These substances include salts, ... read more
Total hardness is a decisive parameter in water chemistry that describes the sum of the concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in water. These two ions are responsible for the "hardness" ... read more
Total nitrogen (TN) refers to the sum of all nitrogen-containing compounds in a water or wastewater stream. This includes organically bound nitrogen, ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂-) and nitrate (NO₃-). Nitrogen is an essential nutrient, ... read more
Glass filters are special filters that are used in water and wastewater treatment, particularly for fine filtration. They consist of glass-based filter materials such as glass granulate or glass fibers. These filter materials are characterized by ... read more
Electroplating is the application of electroplating technology to coat metals or non-metals using electrochemical processes. In the electroplating industry, metals such as copper, nickel, chrome or zinc are applied to surfaces in order to ... read more
The annealing residue is the solid residue that remains after a sample has been heated (annealed) to a high temperature (usually 550-600°C). This residue consists of non-combustible or inorganic ... read more
The loss on ignition is the mass of organic substances that burn when a sample is heated to a high temperature (up to 550°C) and escape in the form of gas. In water and wastewater treatment ... read more
A gas mixing reactor (GMR) is a special reactor in which gas is used to mix the reaction medium. In water and wastewater treatment, GMR reactors are used to improve the exchange of substances between the microorganisms ... read more
Greywater refers to slightly contaminated wastewater that comes from households or industry and, unlike blackwater, does not contain any fecal impurities. Typical sources are wastewater from washbasins, showers, bathtubs or washing machines. ... read more
Limit values are legally defined maximum concentrations of certain substances that may not be exceeded in water samples. These values are set in order to protect the environment, public health and the function of industrial processes . read more
Hardness stabilizers are chemical additives that are used in industrial water treatment to prevent the formation of poorly soluble lime and magnesium compounds. These substances work by preventing the crystallization of hardness ... read more
A lifting unit is a water technology system that transports wastewater or sewage from low-lying areas such as cellars or below the backflow level into the sewer network or other wastewater pipe systems. It is indispensable ... read more
A lift is a technical system that transports liquid media such as wastewater or sewage from lower-lying areas to higher-lying pipe networks. It is an essential component in water management ... read more
Homogenization refers to the process in which different substances or phases are evenly distributed within a medium. The aim is to produce a uniform consistency or composition. In water and wastewater technology ... read more
Definition and chemical principles Hydrogen carbonate (HCO₃-), also known as bicarbonate, is the conjugate base anion of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). It is formed in water solutions by the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) with water (H₂O), which ... read more
Hydrophilicity describes the property of a substance to attract water or to dissolve in water. Hydrophilic molecules have polar groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH), amine (-NH₂) or carboxyl groups (-COOH), which form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and ... read more
Hydrophobicity describes the property of molecules or materials to repel water. Hydrophobic substances have no or only a few polar groups, which means that they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Instead, they interact ... read more
An indirect discharger is a company that does not discharge its wastewater directly into a body of water, but via the public sewer system into a municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plant. The legal basis for this is the ... read more
Inductive flow measurement, also known as magnetic-inductive flow measurement, is a measuring method based on the principle of electromagnetic induction to measure the flow of electrically conductive liquids in pipes. This ... read more
Industrial wastewater is wastewater that originates from industrial processes and often contains specific contaminants that are not found in domestic wastewater. It can contain chemicals, heavy metals, organic compounds, oils, greases and other pollutants . read more
An ion exchanger is a synthetic material used in industrial water and wastewater technology to remove unwanted ions from liquids. Ion exchangers play a central role in water treatment, as they ... read more
Hydrated lime, also known as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is an alkaline powder produced by the reaction of calcium oxide (CaO) with water. The production process is known as lime slaking. The reaction is highly ... read more
Milk of lime is an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) produced by dissolving quicklime (CaO) or slaked lime in water. It typically has a concentration of 5 ... read more
A milk of lime preparation station is a specialized plant used to produce milk of lime from quicklime (CaO) or slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂). Milk of lime is used in industrial water treatment processes, particularly in the neutralization ... read more
A chamber filter press is a mechanical dewatering process used in industrial wastewater treatment and sludge treatment to separate solids from liquids and reduce the water content in sludge. Chamber filter presses ... read more
A cation exchanger is an ion-selective material that specifically removes cations (positively charged ions) from a solution and exchanges them for other cations. The typical chemical reaction is based on the exchange capacity of the ... read more
Cationic polymer is an essential component in industrial water and wastewater treatment, which is mainly used as a flocculant. These polymers are positively charged (cationic) and, due to their electrostatic ... read more
Cavitation describes the formation and subsequent implosion of vapor bubbles in liquids when the local pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. This often occurs in high-speed systems or areas with high ... read more
Boiler scale refers to deposits that form on the inner walls of boilers and heat exchangers when hard water is fed into the boiler without sufficient treatment. These deposits usually consist of calcium ... read more
Boiler water is the water used in a boiler system, which is either fed into the boiler as feed water or heated in the boiler itself to generate steam. The quality of the boiler water ... read more
Boiler water treatment is a central process in steam boiler technology that ensures that the water fed into the boiler is optimally treated to ensure the efficiency and safety of the system . read more
Gravel filters are central components of mechanical water and wastewater treatment. They are used to remove suspended solids, particles and turbidity from water. The gravel filter works according to the principle of depth filtration: the ... read more
Coagulation is a fundamental step in water and wastewater treatment that contributes to the removal of suspended solids, colloidal particles and finely dispersed organic substances. The aim of coagulation is to remove the ... read more
Coagulants are essential chemical compounds in water and wastewater treatment that are used for coagulation and floc formation. They neutralize the electrical charge of the fine, mostly colloidal particles in the water so that ... read more
Coalescence refers to the physical process in which smaller droplets of liquid or gas bubbles flow together in a continuous phase and form larger units. This happens when the interfaces between the droplets are formed by external ... read more
A coalescence separator is a key element in industrial water treatment, especially in processes involving oil-water mixtures. This technology is used to separate and remove free oil, emulsified oil and ... read more
Hydrocarbons (HCs) are organic compounds consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They form the basis of numerous organic substances and are widely used in the chemical industry, energy production and petrochemistry. ... read more
The piston diaphragm pump is a precisely operating positive displacement pump that is used in both water and waste water treatment for dosing chemicals or pumping liquids under high pressure. They ... read more
A piston pump is a positive displacement pump that pumps liquids through the movement of a piston. It uses the linear movement of the piston to cyclically change the volume of a pump chamber, which causes liquids to ... read more
The term "concentrate" refers to the part of a water stream that has a high concentration of dissolved and undissolved substances after a physical, chemical or mechanical separation process, such as reverse osmosis, ... read more
Concentrate Staged Reverse Osmosis (CSRO) is an innovative process in water treatment that aims to maximize the water recovery rate in reverse osmosis systems and at the same time reduce the volume of the water that is ... read more
Corrosion inhibitors are essential chemical substances that are used to slow down or completely prevent corrosion processes in water-bearing systems. They protect metal surfaces from the aggressive effects of corrosive media such as oxygen, water, ... read more
A centrifugal pump is a flow machine that converts kinetic energy into pressure energy in order to pump liquids. It works according to the principle of centrifugal force: a rotating impeller accelerates the fluid, which is then ... read more
A ball valve is a type of valve that controls the flow of liquids or gases by means of a rotating ball with a bore. The position of the ball determines whether the flow is opened, closed or ... read more
In industrial water technology, cooling water is a key factor for the efficient and safe operation of systems. It is used to dissipate process heat and ensure optimum operating temperatures. The properties and ... read more
Cooling water treatment is a central component of industrial water technology and serves to ensure the performance of cooling systems. In practice, effective treatment of the cooling water not only ensures that the ... read more
Cooling water treatment is a central component of industrial water technology and serves to ensure the performance of cooling systems. In practice, it ensures effective treatment of the cooling system. In practice ... read more
Paint production is a complex process that places high demands on industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment. Coatings consist of a mixture of binders, pigments, solvents and additives, which are mixed in complex ... read more
A lamella separator is a mechanical separation system that is used to efficiently remove solid and liquid substances from liquid streams. The use of diagonally arranged lamellas makes the surface for the ... read more
Legionella are rod-shaped bacteria that require special attention in water technology. They are a natural component of bodies of water, but under certain conditions they can be present in water-bearing systems such as cooling towers, hot water systems and industrial ... read more
Light liquids are water-insoluble substances with a lower density than water and include substances such as mineral oils, gasoline, diesel and other hydrocarbon compounds. They are often produced in industrial processes, in road traffic or during ... read more
Light liquid separators, also known as oil separators or coalescence separators, are essential system components in industrial wastewater treatment. They are used to separate light liquids such as mineral oils, petrol or other organic substances that are not miscible with water ... read more
Conductivity (also known as electrical conductivity or specific conductivity) is an essential parameter for assessing water quality in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It provides information about the concentration of dissolved ... read more
Lipophilic substances are compounds that prefer to dissolve in hydrophobic (water-insoluble) environments such as fats, oils or organic solvents. The term "lipophilic" is derived from the Greek and means "fat-loving". ... read more
The magnetically coupled centrifugal pump is an innovative technology that is characterized by its hermetically sealed design and high operational reliability. This type of pump is primarily used in applications where no ... read more
Seawater desalination is a key technology for providing drinking water and process water in regions with water shortages. This technology enables the conversion of salty seawater into high-quality freshwater and plays an important role in the production of ... read more
Multi-layer filters are a special form of filtration system that uses several layers of different filter materials to achieve a high purification performance. This technology is often used in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment ... read more
Membrane technology has become one of the key technologies in industrial water and wastewater treatment. Membranes act as selective barriers that separate substances on the basis of their size, charge or chemical ... read more
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are an innovative and highly efficient solution for wastewater treatment that combines biological processes with modern membrane technology. These plants are particularly suitable for applications where the highest ... read more
Membrane aerators are essential components in modern biological wastewater treatment plants. They ensure a fine distribution of air or oxygen in the aeration tank, providing microorganisms with an optimum supply of oxygen. This process is ... read more
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are an innovative and highly efficient solution for wastewater treatment that combines biological processes with modern membrane technology. These systems are particularly suitable for applications where the highest ... read more
Membrane degassing is a highly specialized process for removing dissolved gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide or nitrogen from water and other liquids. This process is used in numerous industrial applications where ... read more
Membrane filters are highly specialized filter systems used in industrial water and wastewater treatment for the separation and purification of liquids. They work according to the principle of separation filtration and use a semi-permeable ... read more
Diaphragm pumps are one of the most versatile pump technologies in water and wastewater treatment. They are used in a wide range of processes, including the dosing of chemicals, the pumping of abrasive or viscous liquids and ... read more
Membranes are at the heart of many modern water and wastewater treatment systems, including reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) systems. Despite their efficiency, membranes are susceptible to fouling and ... read more
Diaphragm valves are essential components in industrial water and wastewater treatment. They offer precise and reliable control of the flow of liquids and are characterized by their simple design, high chemical resistance and ... read more
Metallurgy encompasses the science and technology of extracting, processing and refining metals. Water plays a central role in industrial metallurgical processes, whether as a coolant, process water or ... read more
Metalworking is a central industry that includes numerous processes such as grinding, drilling, milling, coating, electroplating and heat treatment. These processes generate wastewater that contains a variety of pollutants, including heavy metals, ... read more
Microbial degradation is a central process in water and wastewater treatment, in which organic substances are broken down into simpler compounds by microorganisms. These biochemical processes are essential for the ... read more
Microfiltration (MF) is an essential part of modern water treatment and wastewater treatment technologies. The process uses membranes with a typical pore size of 0.1 to 10 micrometers to remove particles, colloids, bacteria and other microorganisms ... read more
A microfiltration system is a special treatment unit that is used to remove particles, colloids and microorganisms from water or wastewater. These systems use microfiltration membranes with a pore size of 0.1 to 10 ... read more
Micropollutants, also known as trace substances, are chemical substances that can be detected in very low concentrations (micrograms or nanograms per liter) in bodies of water. These include pharmaceutical residues, hormones, ... read more
Mineralization is a fundamental biological and chemical process in which organic substances are converted by microorganisms or chemical reactions into inorganic compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O) and inorganic nutrients (e.g. ... read more
Mixing and equalizing tanks are essential components in industrial water and wastewater treatment. They are used to homogenize water or wastewater flows, buffer volume changes and optimize subsequent treatment processes. Their ... read more
Taking a composite sample is a key method in water and wastewater treatment in order to carry out representative analyses for chemical, physical and biological assessment. Composite samples enable a reliable evaluation of the ... read more
The mixing section is a central component of many systems in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It is used to efficiently mix different media - such as water, chemicals or gases - in order to ... read more
Modbus is a globally recognized communication protocol that is widely used in automation technology and especially in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It was developed in 1979 by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) ... read more
Modular systems in container design offer a flexible and sustainable alternative to conventional hall construction, especially in the field of industrial water treatment. This design makes it possible to integrate complete plant systems in modular technology containers that can be ... read more
Modular containerized plants offer a flexible and sustainable alternative to conventional hall construction, especially in the field of industrial water treatment. This construction method makes it possible to integrate complete plant systems in modular technology containers, ... read more
Whey is a by-product of cheese production and other milk processing operations. Due to its high organic content, whey poses a considerable challenge for industrial wastewater treatment. It mainly contains lactose, ... read more
Motor protection is a key component in industrial water and wastewater treatment. Electric motors drive pumps, agitators, compressors and other system components. These motors are essential for the reliable operation of water treatment plants. ... read more
I&C technology (measurement and control technology) is an indispensable discipline in industrial water and wastewater technology. It includes the measurement of physical and chemical parameters, the control of processes as well as the ... read more
A socket is an essential connecting element in piping systems, which is particularly widespread in industrial water and wastewater technology. Sockets enable the secure and tight connection of pipelines and ensure that ... read more
The secondary clarifier is an essential component in wastewater treatment, especially in biological wastewater treatment plants. It is used to separate solids, in particular activated sludge, which is produced during biological treatment. It also plays a ... read more
Secondary clarification is a central process step in wastewater treatment, which plays a key role in biological wastewater treatment plants in particular. It is used to separate biomass, suspended solids and particles that are removed during ... read more
The nutrient load is a central term in water and wastewater treatment and describes the amount of dissolved nutrients, in particular nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which are present in a water cycle or wastewater system . read more
Nanofiltration is a pressure-driven membrane process that is located between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. It is used to remove dissolved substances such as salts, organic molecules and hardness formers from water . read more
A nanofiltration system is a state-of-the-art treatment unit that treats water using nanofiltration membranes (NF membranes). It combines the effective removal of dissolved organic substances, hardness constituents, pesticides and heavy metals with a moderate ... read more
Wet oxidation is an effective method for treating heavily contaminated wastewater that is not accessible to conventional processes. In addition to classic wet oxidation, there are further developments such as chemical oxidation and ... read more
Caustic soda, also known as sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), is one of the most important bases in the chemical industry and is widely used in industrial water and wastewater technology. Due to its strong alkaline properties ... read more
The nominal diameter (DN - "Diamètre Nominal") is a standardized parameter for describing the pipe diameter in piping systems. It plays a central role in the planning, design and installation of systems in ... read more
A neutralization system is a technical system for regulating the pH value of industrial wastewater in order to bring it to the legally prescribed pH value for discharge into bodies of water or municipal sewage treatment plants. In ... read more
Neutralization precipitation is a key process in industrial wastewater treatment in which pH regulation is used to convert dissolved compounds into insoluble solids. This technique is frequently used to remove heavy metals, phosphates and other ... read more
Nipples are mechanical connecting elements that are used to securely and tightly connect pipes or fittings in industrial water and wastewater technology. As an essential component of complex piping systems, nipples contribute to ... read more
Nitrate is a chemical compound and an end product in the biological nitrogen cycle that is produced by the oxidation process of ammonium and nitrite in wastewater. Nitrate plays a central role in industrial wastewater treatment . read more
Nitrification is a key biological process in the nitrogen cycle that plays a decisive role in industrial wastewater treatment. In this process, ammonium (NH₄⁺) is broken down by special bacteria in two stages ... read more
Nitrification is a biological process in which ammonium (NH₄⁺) is converted into nitrite (NO₂-) and then into nitrate (NO₃-). This process is a central component of the nitrogen cycle and plays a key role in ... read more
Nitrite is a chemical compound and an important intermediate in the nitrogen cycle. In wastewater and water treatment, nitrite plays a central role as an intermediate in biological nitrogen conversion. It is formed during ... read more
Level measurement is an essential component in the control and monitoring of industrial processes, especially in water and wastewater technology. It enables the precise detection of the fill level in tanks, containers, reactors ... read more
Surface-active substances, also known as surfactants, are molecules that have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repellent) properties. This dual structure enables them to reduce the interfacial tension between two phases, such as water ... read more
Surface coating is an essential component of numerous industrial processes and is used in a wide range of industries. It is used to improve material properties such as corrosion protection, wear resistance, decorative appearance and chemical resistance. read more
Surface water refers to all natural water resources that are located on or near the earth's surface, such as rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs and oceans. In industrial water treatment, surface water is an important source of ... read more
Oil separators are essential system components in industrial water and wastewater treatment. They are used to separate water from immiscible liquids such as mineral oils, light oils and other hydrocarbons. These substances often ... read more
The organic load describes the amount of organic substances in water or wastewater that can be biologically degraded or oxidized. These substances often originate from natural sources such as plant material, animal ... read more
Organic acids play a decisive role in biogas plants, as they are formed as intermediate products in the anaerobic decomposition of organic substrates. The concentration and composition of organic acids serves as an important indicator for the ... read more
Organic compounds are an extensive class of chemical substances consisting of carbon (C) and usually hydrogen (H), often combined with oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P) ... read more
Osmosis is a physico-chemical process that plays a central role in nature and in industrial water treatment. The control and utilization of osmosis makes it possible to control processes such as water desalination, ... read more
Oxidation is a fundamental chemical process that plays a crucial role in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It is used to remove pollutants, convert toxic substances into more harmless substances and ... read more
The oxidation system is an essential component in water and wastewater treatment. It is used for the targeted removal of organic and inorganic pollutants through chemical or physical-chemical oxidation processes. Such systems are widely used ... read more
Ozone oxidation is a highly effective process for water and wastewater treatment based on the strong oxidizing power of ozone (O₃). It is used in industrial water treatment in order to remove organic and inorganic ... read more
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a highly porous adsorptive material that plays a central role in industrial water and wastewater treatment due to its large specific surface area. PAH is mainly used for the removal of ... read more
Pellet sludge is a special form of sludge that is produced in anaerobic reactors for industrial wastewater treatment. This sludge is characterized by its compact, granular structure and high biological activity. In particular ... read more
The term "permeate" refers to the purified water that passes through a membrane while impurities are retained. Permeate plays a crucial role in industrial water treatment, especially in membrane processes ... read more
Permeate Staged Reverse Osmosis (PSRO) is a specialized development of the classic reverse osmosis system that aims to maximize water recovery and optimize energy consumption. This process is used ... read more
The petrochemical industry is one of the most important branches of industry worldwide and includes the production of chemicals and materials based on fossil raw materials such as crude oil and natural gas. Its production processes generate a large number of ... read more
PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of synthetic organic compounds that are used in numerous industrial and commercial applications due to their unique chemical and physical properties. At the same time, they are ... read more
pH measurement is an essential analysis and monitoring technology in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It enables the precise determination of the acidity or alkalinity of water or wastewater and provides basic information about the ... read more
The pH value is a fundamental parameter in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It defines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution and has a significant influence on chemical, physical and biological processes ... read more
Phosphates are a group of chemical compounds that occur as salts or esters of phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄). They play a central role in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment, as they act both as ... read more
Phosphate elimination is a central process in industrial water treatment and wastewater treatment that aims to remove phosphorus compounds from water or wastewater. Phosphates are essential nutrients for the growth of ... read more
Phosphonates are organic chemical compounds that play a central role in industrial water treatment. They are characterized by their strong binding affinity to polyvalent metal ions such as calcium, magnesium or iron. Due to ... read more
Pneumatics is a central component of many industrial processes, particularly in water treatment and wastewater treatment. It refers to the use of compressed air for energy transmission and control. Pneumatic systems are used ... read more
The pneumatic valve is a central component in industrial water treatment and waste water treatment, which is operated by controlling compressed air. It is used for the targeted regulation, control or blocking of ... read more
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a versatile polymer that is used in industrial water and wastewater treatment as a flocculant and coagulation aid. It has a high molecular mass and is available in various forms .
Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is a chemical precipitant that is widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It belongs to the group of aluminum compounds and is usually used as a liquid or ... read more
Polyethylene (PE) is a thermoplastic that is one of the most commonly used materials in industry. Due to its excellent chemical resistance, mechanical properties and processing versatility, polyethylene is used in numerous industrial ... read more
Polymer is a collective term for chemical compounds that consist of long chains of repeating molecular units, so-called monomers. Due to their specific structure and chemical properties, polymers are extremely versatile ... read more
Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of propylene (C₃H₆). Due to its excellent chemical resistance, mechanical properties and temperature stability, PP is a preferred material for ... read more
Precipitation, also known as precipitation, is a chemical process in which dissolved substances in a liquid are converted into a solid phase by chemical reaction. These solids, known as precipitates, can ... read more
Process water refers to industrially used water that is used in various processes such as production, cooling, cleaning or transportation. In contrast to drinking water or waste water, process water is specially adapted to the requirements of ... read more
Process water treatment encompasses all processes and technologies used to treat water for industrial applications and adapt it to specific requirements. The quality of the process water is essential for the efficiency ... read more
The buffer capacity describes the ability of an aqueous system to withstand fluctuations in the pH value due to the addition of acids or bases. It is a key property in industrial water treatment and the treatment of ... read more
A pumping station is a central technical device used in industrial water and wastewater treatment to pump water, wastewater or other liquids over differences in height or along a pipeline system . read more
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic produced by the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers (VCM). Due to its versatile properties, such as chemical resistance, good mechanical stability and cost-effective processing, PVC is ... read more
A qualified sample is a systematically and professionally taken water or wastewater sample that is representative of the chemical, physical and biological properties of the medium under investigation. The term is used in ... read more
A pinch valve (also known as a hose pinch valve) is a specialized valve used in many industries, including process water and wastewater treatment. It is characterized by its simple design, high reliability and ... read more
Neutralization using flue gas is an innovative and sustainable process for regulating the pH of wastewater in which the carbon dioxide (CO₂) contained in the flue gas is used to neutralize alkaline wastewater. This process ... read more
A scraper is a mechanical device used in water and wastewater technology to remove settled solids (sludge) or floating materials (floating matter) from settling or sedimentation tanks. Scrapers play ... read more
A screen is a mechanical separating element used in industrial process water and wastewater technology to remove coarse solids from liquid streams. It serves as the first purification stage in sewage treatment plants and water treatment ... read more
Redox measurement is an essential analytical method in industrial water and wastewater technology that records the electrochemical properties of an aqueous solution. It is used to determine the redox potential, which determines the oxidation and ... read more
The redox potential, also known as the reduction-oxidation potential, is a physico-chemical measurement that describes the oxidation and reduction capacity of a solution. It is expressed in millivolts (mV) and is a central parameter in the ... read more
The redox voltage, often used synonymously with the redox potential, is an essential parameter in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It describes the electrochemical state of a system in relation to the electron transfer reactions between ... read more
Control is a central concept in process engineering that enables the continuous monitoring and adjustment of processes. In industrial water and wastewater treatment, control describes the targeted ... read more
Regeneration is an essential process in water and wastewater technology that aims to restore depleted materials or systems, such as ion exchange systems or reverse osmosis systems, to their original performance and capacity . read more
Rainwater treatment is an essential process for making rainwater usable for industrial, technical or private applications. It plays a decisive role in industrial water treatment, as it does not only ... read more
Ultrapure water is the highest quality level of water that is virtually free of impurities. It is used in highly sensitive processes in the semiconductor industry, pharmaceuticals, laboratories and power generation. The production ... read more
The production of hydrogen through electrolysis is a central component of the energy transition and the development of a sustainable hydrogen economy. An often underestimated but essential factor in this process is the ... read more
Ultrapure water resin refers to specially developed ion exchange resins that are used in water treatment to produce ultra-pure water. This water, also known as ultrapure water or ultrapure water, is free of almost all dissolved ... read more
Pure water refers to treated water that has a high degree of purity and meets specific requirements with regard to the absence of impurities. It lies between drinking water and ultrapure water on the quality scale and ... read more
An agitator is a mechanical device used to mix liquids, suspensions or emulsions in various industrial applications. In water and wastewater technology, agitators are an indispensable component of many ... read more
An agitator is a mechanical device used to mix liquids, suspensions or emulsions in various industrial applications. In water and wastewater technology, agitators are an indispensable component of ... read more
Hydrochloric acid (chemical formula HCl) is a strong monoprotonic acid that is widely used in industrial water treatment as well as in wastewater treatment. It is aqueous hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and ... read more
Sand filters are a central element in mechanical water and wastewater treatment. They remove suspended solids, turbidity and particles from the water and work according to the principle of depth filtration. This technology is ... read more
Acid whey is a by-product of the production of acid-based dairy products such as quark, cream cheese or yoghurt. It differs from sweet whey, which is produced during rennet coagulation, primarily due to its acidic pH value ... read more
The term oxygen demand describes the amount of oxygen required to completely break down organic and inorganic substances in water or wastewater. The oxygen demand is a central parameter in the ... read more
Oxygen binding agents (also known as oxygen scavengers) are chemical substances that chemically bind and remove dissolved oxygen in water-bearing systems. They are used to protect metallic system components from oxygen corrosion, which can occur in cooling circuits, boiler systems ... read more
Oxygen measurement is an essential method in industrial water and wastewater technology for determining the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in aqueous media. It provides key information ... read more
Oxygen saturation describes the maximum concentration of molecular oxygen (O₂) that can dissolve in water under defined conditions (temperature, pressure, salt content). It is expressed as a saturation concentration in milligrams per liter ... read more
The acid capacity (KS 4.3) describes the ability of water to neutralize acids. It indicates how much acid must be added to bring the pH value of the water down to a certain value .
An SBR reactor (Sequencing Batch Reactor) is a discontinuously operated biological purification process that integrates several treatment steps in a single tank. The SBR reactor is often used in water and wastewater treatment in order to ... read more
Scaling refers to the formation of solid, crystalline deposits on surfaces that are in contact with water. These deposits are caused by the supersaturation of certain dissolved salts ... read more
The sludge age, also known as sludge residence time (SVZ) or mean cell residence time (MCRT), describes the average residence time of the biological biomass (microorganisms) in an aeration tank. It indicates how long the ... read more
Sludge treatment is a central component of water and wastewater technology. Sludge is produced as a by-product in almost all water and wastewater treatment processes, whether in mechanical pre-treatment, precipitation and ... read more
Sludge dewatering is a central process in industrial wastewater treatment and sewage technology that aims to reduce the water content of sludge and increase the dry matter. This reduces the sludge volume and ... read more
A sludge trap is a technical device used in water and wastewater treatment for the mechanical separation of sedimentable solids from water or wastewater streams. It is an essential component in the ... read more
Sludge stabilization refers to the process by which organic substances in sewage sludge are decomposed or chemically treated as far as possible in order to minimize odour formation, putrefaction processes and pathogenic germs. The aim is ... read more
The sludge volume refers to the total volume of sludge produced in a water or wastewater treatment process. It is made up of the volume of solids and the volume of trapped water. The ... read more
The peristaltic pump, also known as a peristaltic pump, is a special type of positive displacement pump that enables the precise delivery of liquids by periodically compressing a flexible hose or pipe. This ... read more
A contactor is an electromagnetically controlled switch used in control technology and automation to switch electrical loads such as pumps, motors, heaters or ventilators on and off. In the water ... read more
Black water refers to a category of wastewater that consists primarily of toilet wastewater. In addition to faeces and urine, it also contains flushing water and other dissolved and undissolved substances from sanitary ... read more
A Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) is a modern technology for biological water and wastewater treatment based on the use of biofilms. In the reactor, specially developed carrier materials (so-called ... read more
Sulphuric acid is one of the most commonly used chemicals in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It is a strong biprotonic acid with the molecular formula H₂SO₄ and, due to its versatile properties, is ... read more
Heavy metals are chemical elements with a density of more than 5 g/cm³ and a high atomic weight. Due to their specific physical and chemical properties, they are used in numerous industrial processes. ... read more
Heavy metal reduction refers to the process of removing or minimizing heavy metals in water and wastewater systems. Heavy metals such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) ... read more
In water and wastewater technology, floating sludge refers to the accumulation of light, poorly degradable organic and inorganic particles that float to the surface of clarifiers or reactors due to their low density. ... read more
The Silt Density Index (SDI) is an important parameter that describes the tendency of water to become contaminated with particles and colloids. It is primarily used in the planning, operation and ... read more
A sedimentation tank is a technical device used to remove suspended solids and particles from water or wastewater. It works according to the physical principle of sedimentation, in which particles ... read more
The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a discontinuously operating system for the biological treatment of wastewater. In contrast to continuously operating systems such as classic activated sludge processes, the SBR combines all process steps - from ... read more
The skid construction method describes a modular construction method in which complete technical systems or system components are pre-assembled on a stable frame (the so-called skid) and delivered ready for use. The skids consist of a ... read more
The production of solar cells is a highly precise and technologically demanding process that consists of a large number of chemical, physical and thermal process steps. Solar cells, the basis for photovoltaic systems, convert solar energy directly ... read more
A cracking plant, also known as a CP plant (chemical-physical plant), is a central process in industrial wastewater treatment that is used to remove emulsified oils, heavy metals, solids, AOX and other substances that are difficult to break down ... read more
The PLC (programmable logic controller) is a central component of automation technology and plays a decisive role in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It enables the control, monitoring and regulation of processes ... read more
Trace substances are chemical compounds that occur in very low concentrations (in the range of micro- to nanograms per liter) in water and wastewater systems. They originate from a variety of sources, such as ... read more
Stacking tanks play a central role in industrial wastewater treatment. They are primarily used to homogenize and buffer wastewater in order to compensate for fluctuations in composition and volume. This function ... read more
A static mixer is a piping component that is used for the efficient mixing of fluids without moving parts. The principle is based on the detour and division of the flow by permanently installed mixing elements ... read more
A positioner is a device that is used in combination with a control valve to adapt the exact position of the valve to the requirements of a control signal. The positioner ensures that ... read more
Control refers to the processing of input variables (e.g. setpoints, sensor or operator inputs) in order to control the output variables (e.g. valve positions, pump output) via a control element (e.g. PLC, switch or relay) . read more
A random sample in water and wastewater technology is a representative sample that is taken from a water, wastewater or sludge stream in order to analyze its chemical, physical or biological properties. They ... read more
Nitrogen reduction refers to the targeted removal of nitrogen-containing compounds from water or wastewater in order to avoid environmental damage such as eutrophication and to comply with legal requirements. In industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, the reduction ... read more
Sulphide precipitation is a specialized process in industrial wastewater treatment in which dissolved heavy metal ions are converted into insoluble metal sulphides by adding sulphides. This technique is particularly efficient for the ... read more
Sweet whey is a by-product of cheese production that is produced during the rennet coagulation of milk. In contrast to acid whey, sweet whey has a higher pH value (6.0-7.0) and has a different chemical composition, ... read more
The cleaning of tanks and tank trucks is an essential part of industrial processes, especially in the chemical, food and water treatment industries. These cleaning processes produce heavily contaminated wastewater, which must be treated before it is discharged ... read more
Tank truck cleaning and, in particular, internal tank truck cleaning are essential components of industrial processes, especially in the chemical, food and water treatment industries. These cleaning processes produce heavily contaminated waste water which, due to its specific composition, must be ... read more
The submersible motor pump is an essential component in industrial water and wastewater technology. It belongs to the group of centrifugal pumps and is characterized by the fact that during operation it is completely immersed in ... read more
Surfactants (short for "tensioactive substances") are chemical compounds that reduce the surface tension of liquids, especially water. They enable the mixing of hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-repellent) substances, which makes them ... read more
The term TOC (Total Organic Carbon) refers to the total concentration of organically bound carbon in a water sample. The TOC value is a key parameter in water analysis, which is used both for industrial water analysis and ... read more
The dry substance content (DS) is a key parameter in water and wastewater technology and describes the proportion of solid substances in a medium in relation to the total weight. It is expressed as a percentage ... read more
A drum screen is a mechanical filter system used in water and wastewater treatment to separate solids from liquid streams. The name is derived from the cylindrical, rotating drum that ... read more
Turbidity measurement is an essential parameter in water treatment and wastewater treatment. It describes the degree of light scattering and absorption in a liquid caused by suspended particles such as suspended solids, microorganisms or ... read more
UASB reactor (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor) is an anaerobic reactor system for the treatment of organically contaminated wastewater, which is widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment. The UASB reactor is specially designed to ... read more
Excess sludge is a central concept in biological wastewater treatment and occurs as a by-product during the treatment of wastewater in activated sludge plants and other biological processes. It mainly consists of ... read more
Overfill protection is a key safety element in industrial water and wastewater treatment plants and in water technology systems. It serves to prevent overflows and protects containers, tanks and pipelines from uncontrolled ... read more
Ultrafiltration is a pressure-driven membrane process used to separate particles, colloids and macromolecules from liquids. It plays a central role in industrial water and wastewater treatment and ... read more
An ultrafiltration system (UF system) is an important part of industrial water and wastewater treatment. It uses the principle of ultrafiltration to effectively remove suspended solids, bacteria, viruses and other impurities from water. ... read more
Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the most advanced and effective water treatment processes. It is used worldwide in various industries, including the food and beverage industry, the chemical industry, the ... read more
The reverse osmosis (RO) system is one of the most advanced and effective water treatment processes. It is used worldwide in various industries, including the food and beverage industry, the chemical industry, the ... read more
Undissolved substances are particles that are present in a liquid medium but are not dissolved at the molecular level. These substances can be of organic origin, such as fats, oils or proteins, or of inorganic ... read more
UV treatment is a physical process used in water and wastewater treatment for disinfection, oxidation and removal of organic compounds. In contrast to chemical processes such as chlorination or ozonation, ... read more
UV oxidation is an advanced process that combines physical and chemical processes to efficiently remove organic pollutants, micropollutants and pathogenic microorganisms from water and wastewater. This process utilizes ultraviolet ... read more
Demineralized water (demineralized water) is a high-purity water that is virtually free of dissolved ions, salts and minerals. It is used in numerous industrial applications where high purity standards are required. ... read more
The blocking index is a key indicator for assessing the fouling and blocking tendency of membranes in water technology applications. Particularly in reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), there are ... read more
The retention time is a key parameter in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It describes the length of time that a medium - for example water or wastewater - remains in a specific treatment process or ... read more
The fourth purification stage is an extension of conventional wastewater treatment, which goes beyond mechanical (first stage), biological (second stage) and chemical-physical processes (third stage). It is used to remove trace substances and micropollutants ... read more
The pre-treatment of water and wastewater is an indispensable process step in industrial water and wastewater treatment. Its primary objective is to treat raw water or wastewater streams in such a way that subsequent treatment steps can ... read more
Laundry wastewater is produced by industrial and commercial laundries that clean, dye or finish textiles in large quantities. Due to its complex composition, this wastewater places special demands on treatment and processing. ... read more
Wash water refers to the wastewater produced during industrial cleaning processes. These water streams typically contain dissolved and undissolved impurities originating from the cleaned surfaces, products or equipment. In industrial water treatment ... read more
Water treatment is an essential part of many industrial and technical processes. It includes all measures that change the physical, chemical and biological properties of raw water in order to make it suitable for the respective ... read more
Water treatment plants are central systems in industrial and municipal water management. They are used to treat raw water from natural sources or process water from industrial applications so that it is suitable for the intended ... read more
The water balance is a key aspect for companies that want to use their water resources efficiently and reduce their ecological footprint. It describes the inflow, outflow and storage of water ... read more
Water softening refers to the process of removing calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, which are responsible for water hardness. Hard water causes problems in many industrial processes, as the dissolved hardness constituents ... Read more
The Water Framework Directive (WFD), officially introduced as Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Union, represents a milestone in European water protection. It aims to comprehensively protect the EU's water resources, to ensure their ... read more
Water recycling is a key concept in modern industrial water treatment, which aims to use water resources efficiently, reduce wastewater volumes and lower operating costs. In view of increasing water scarcity and strict environmental regulations, water ... read more
Hydrogen production is a key technology for the energy transition and industrial processes, particularly in the chemical, energy and automotive industries. High-purity water is an essential prerequisite for many hydrogen production processes, such as the ... read more
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is one of the most versatile chemicals in industrial water and wastewater treatment. It is used primarily due to its strong oxidative properties and its ability to disinfect, decolorize and ... read more
Water reuse, also known as water recycling, is a central component of sustainable water management and indispensable for industrial water and wastewater treatment. In times of increasing water scarcity and stricter environmental regulations, water reuse is gaining ... read more
Water ReUse, or the reuse of water, refers to the targeted treatment and use of wastewater or process water for new applications. In times of increasing water scarcity and stricter environmental regulations, Water ReUse is gaining ... read more
The Zahn-Wellens test, named after the scientists Hans Zahn and Carl Wellens, is an established method for assessing the biodegradability of organic substances in wastewater treatment. Particularly in industrial ... read more
The influent load describes the quantity of a specific substance load that is fed into a water or wastewater treatment plant within a defined time interval. In contrast to the influent concentration, which indicates the amount of substance per unit volume of water ... read more
The feed concentration is the amount of dissolved, suspended or colloidal substances contained in a certain volume of water or wastewater in the feed of a system. It is a central parameter ... read more
The inflow values describe the characteristic physical, chemical and biological parameters of water or wastewater that is fed into a water treatment plant. They are crucial for the design, control and monitoring of water and wastewater ... read more