Limit values refer to legally defined maximum concentrations of certain substances that may not be exceeded in water samples. These values are set in order to protect the environment, public health and the functioning of industrial processes. They apply to drinking water, process water and waste water discharged into the environment.
Hardness stabilizers are chemical additives that are used in industrial water treatment to prevent the formation of poorly soluble lime and magnesium compounds. These substances work by inhibiting the crystallization of hardness formers such as calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂). Instead of large crystals that are difficult to remove, the
A lifting unit is a water technology system that transports wastewater or wastewater from low-lying areas such as basements or below the backflow level into the sewer network or other wastewater pipe systems. It is indispensable in buildings and industrial plants where the wastewater cannot be drained away by natural gradients. Lifting systems are used
A lift is a technical system that transports liquid media such as wastewater or sewage from lower-lying areas to higher-lying pipe networks. It is an essential component in water management and wastewater technology and is used wherever natural gradients for wastewater disposal are lacking or insufficient.
Homogenization refers to the process in which different substances or phases are evenly distributed within a medium. The aim is to produce a uniform consistency or composition. In water and wastewater technology, homogenization is used to ensure the uniform distribution of solids, organic loads or chemical additives before
Definition and chemical principles Hydrogen carbonate (HCO₃-), also known as bicarbonate, is the conjugate base anion of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃). It is formed in water solutions by the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) with water (H₂O), which leads to carbonic acid that partially dissociates to form hydrogen carbonate. Chemically, it is an important buffer component that compensates for pH fluctuations.
Hydrophilicity describes the property of a substance to attract water or to dissolve in water. Hydrophilic molecules have polar groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH), amine (-NH₂) or carboxyl groups (-COOH), which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This property distinguishes them from hydrophobic molecules, which repel water and instead form non-polar bonds with water molecules.
Hydrophobicity describes the property of molecules or materials to repel water. Hydrophobic substances have no or only a few polar groups, which means that they cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Instead, they prefer to interact with other hydrophobic substances. Examples of hydrophobic molecules are hydrocarbons and organic solvents such as petrol. Technical
An indirect discharger is a company that does not discharge its wastewater directly into a body of water, but rather into a municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plant via the public sewage system. The legal basis for this is the Water Resources Act (WHG) and the Wastewater Ordinance (AbwV). Indirect dischargers must fulfill specific requirements to ensure that their wastewater meets the
Inductive flow measurement, also known as magnetic-inductive flow measurement, is a measuring method based on the principle of electromagnetic induction to measure the flow of electrically conductive liquids in pipes. A magnetic field is generated and when the liquid flows through the magnetic field, a voltage is induced that is proportional to the flow rate.
