Activated carbon is a porous carbon material widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment to adsorb dissolved organic contaminants, odors and flavors as well as pollutants such as heavy metals and micropollutants. Due to its high internal surface area and excellent adsorption properties, activated carbon is used as a filter medium to remove pollutants from
Activated carbon is a porous carbon material widely used in industrial water and wastewater treatment to adsorb dissolved organic contaminants, odors and flavors as well as pollutants such as heavy metals and micropollutants. Due to its high internal surface area and excellent adsorption properties, activated carbon is used as a filter medium to remove pollutants from
Alkalinity describes the ability of water to neutralize acids and is determined by the concentration of hydrogen carbonate (HCO₃-), carbonate (CO₃²-) and, to a lesser extent, hydroxide ions (OH-). It is a measure of the buffering capacity of the water and indicates how well it is able to
In industrial water treatment, alkalization refers to increasing the pH value of water or wastewater by adding alkaline chemicals. The aim is to change the water chemistry in such a way that the pH value is brought into the desired range in order to prevent corrosion, stabilize biological processes or
Waste acids are used or spent acids that are produced in various industrial processes, such as metal processing, electroplating or surface treatment. These acids have lost their original concentration or purity, but are still reactive and often contain impurities such as metal salts or organic substances. Instead of disposing of them as waste, they can be
Aluminum chloride is an inorganic compound that is mainly used as a precipitant in industrial water and wastewater treatment. Its main property is its ability to precipitate impurities such as phosphates, heavy metals and organic substances by forming hydroxide complexes in aqueous solutions, thus clarifying the water. Aluminum chloride
Aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) is an important chemical substance in water and wastewater treatment. It is mainly used as a precipitant to remove impurities such as suspended solids, organic substances and phosphates from water. Due to its versatile application and high efficiency, aluminum sulfate is indispensable in many industrial processes, in particular
Ammonia stripping is a physico-chemical process for removing ammonium (NH₄⁺) or ammonia (NH₃) from wastewater. This process is frequently used in industrial wastewater treatment to reduce high nitrogen concentrations and thus comply with the legal limits for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies. The process is based on this,
Ammonification is a biological process in which organically bound nitrogen in the form of proteins, amino acids or nucleic acids is converted into ammonia (NH₃) or ammonium (NH₄⁺) through the decomposition of organic material. This process is a central component of the nitrogen cycle in nature and plays an important
Ammonium (NH₄⁺) is a positively charged ionic compound (cation) that is formed from ammonia (NH₃) by reaction with water. It plays a central role in the nitrogen cycle and is an important parameter in industrial water and wastewater treatment, especially in the treatment of nitrogenous wastewater. There is an equilibrium in aqueous solutions
