Pure water refers to treated water that has a high degree of purity and meets specific requirements in terms of the absence of impurities. It lies between drinking water and ultrapure water on the quality scale and is used in many industrial applications where chemical stability and low contamination are crucial. The production of
An agitator is a mechanical device used to mix liquids, suspensions or emulsions in various industrial applications. In water and wastewater technology, agitators are an indispensable part of many processes, particularly in the precipitation and flocculation of pollutants in CP plants, in neutralization plants and in biological wastewater treatment plants
An agitator is a mechanical device used to mix liquids, suspensions or emulsions in various industrial applications. In water and wastewater technology, agitators are an indispensable part of many processes, especially in the precipitation and flocculation of pollutants in CP plants, in neutralization plants and in biological treatment plants.
Hydrochloric acid (chemical formula HCl) is a strong monoprotonic acid that is widely used in industrial water treatment as well as in wastewater treatment. It is aqueous hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and one of the most commonly used mineral acids. In practice, it is mainly used for pH regulation in neutralization systems,
Sand filters are a central element in mechanical water and wastewater treatment. They remove suspended solids, turbidity and particles from the water and work according to the principle of depth filtration. This technology is widely used in industrial water treatment, drinking water treatment and waste water treatment. Technical structure and components A
Acid whey is a by-product of the production of acid-based dairy products such as quark, cream cheese or yoghurt. It differs from sweet whey, which is produced during rennet coagulation, primarily due to its acidic pH value (4.0-4.6) and its specific chemical composition. Due to its high organic content, the high acid concentration and the
The term oxygen demand describes the amount of oxygen required to completely break down organic and inorganic substances in water or wastewater. Oxygen demand is a key parameter in water and wastewater treatment, as it indicates the load of biodegradable substances in the water and their potential effects.
Oxygen binding agents (also known as oxygen scavengers) are chemical substances that chemically bind and remove dissolved oxygen in water-bearing systems. They are used to protect metallic system components from oxygen corrosion, which can occur in cooling circuits, boiler systems and other industrial water treatment systems. Oxygen that comes into contact with metal surfaces leads to electrochemical reactions,
Oxygen measurement is an essential method in industrial water and wastewater technology for determining the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in aqueous media. It provides key information on water quality, the efficiency of biological processes and the control of technical systems. The oxygen concentration has a significant influence on biological, chemical
Oxygen saturation describes the maximum concentration of molecular oxygen (O₂) that can dissolve in water under defined conditions (temperature, pressure, salt content). It is expressed as a saturation concentration in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or as a percentage saturation (% saturation). The term is often used to describe the efficiency of the
