Industrial wastewater is wastewater that originates from industrial processes and often contains specific contaminants that are not found in domestic wastewater. It may contain chemicals, heavy metals, organic compounds, oils, greases and other pollutants resulting from the production or cleaning of industrial plants. The composition of industrial wastewater varies depending on the
An ion exchanger is a synthetic material used in industrial water and wastewater technology to remove unwanted ions from liquids. Ion exchangers play a central role in water treatment, as they can specifically remove dissolved cations and anions and replace them with desired ions. This technology is used for
Hydrated lime, also known as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), is an alkaline powder produced by the reaction of calcium oxide (CaO) with water. The production process is known as lime slaking. The reaction is highly exothermic and is often carried out in special slaking systems to ensure uniform hydration. Properties and chemical structure
Milk of lime is an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) that is produced by dissolving quicklime (CaO) or slaked lime in water. It typically has a concentration of 5 to 15 % Ca(OH)₂. Milk of lime is used in industrial water and wastewater treatment, in particular for neutralizing
A milk of lime preparation station is a specialized plant used to produce milk of lime from quicklime (CaO) or slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂). Milk of lime is used in industrial water treatment processes, particularly in the neutralization of wastewater, the precipitation of heavy metals and the stabilization of wastewater. Technical background Milk of lime is produced by the
A chamber filter press is a mechanical dewatering process used in industrial wastewater treatment and sludge treatment to separate solids from liquids and reduce the water content in sludge. Chamber filter presses work according to the principle of pressure filtration, in which solids are removed by pressing the material against a filter plate.
A cation exchanger is an ion-selective material that specifically removes cations (positively charged ions) from a solution and exchanges them for other cations. The typical chemical reaction is based on the exchange capacity of the material, in which unwanted ions such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) or heavy metals are replaced by less interfering ions such as
Cationic polymer is an essential component in industrial water and wastewater treatment, which is mainly used as a flocculant. These polymers are positively charged (cationic) and their electrostatic attraction enables the formation of larger flocs that can be more easily separated from the water. Cationic polymers are particularly
Cavitation describes the formation and subsequent implosion of vapor bubbles in liquids when the local pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. This often occurs in high-speed systems or areas with large pressure differences, such as pumps, valves or turbines. Technical origin Cavitation occurs when the static
Boiler scale refers to deposits that form on the inner walls of boilers and heat exchangers when hard water is fed into the boiler without sufficient treatment. These deposits usually consist of calcium and magnesium compounds as well as other minerals that precipitate out of the water at high temperatures. Boiler scale is a
