Dissolved substances are substances that are completely dissolved in a liquid, such as water, and therefore cannot be removed by mechanical separation processes such as sedimentation or filtration. These substances include salts, organic compounds, gases and dissolved metals and play a crucial role in industrial water and wastewater technology.
Total hardness is a decisive parameter in water chemistry that describes the sum of the concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) in water. These two ions are responsible for the "hardness" of water and have a significant influence on its properties, particularly in industrial processes such as water treatment and the
Total nitrogen (TN) refers to the sum of all nitrogen-containing compounds in a water or wastewater stream. This includes organically bound nitrogen, ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrite (NO₂-) and nitrate (NO₃-). Nitrogen is an essential nutrient, but in high concentrations it can have eutrophic effects, which can lead to algae overgrowth and a
Glass filters are special filters that are used in water and wastewater treatment, particularly for fine filtration. They consist of glass-based filter materials such as glass granulate or glass fibers. These filter materials are characterized by high chemical resistance, durability and excellent filtration efficiency. Glass filters are particularly suitable for applications where
Electroplating is the application of electroplating technology to coat metals or non-metals using electrochemical processes. In the electroplating industry, metals such as copper, nickel, chrome or zinc are applied to surfaces to protect them from corrosion, decorate them or improve their conductivity. The waste water that is
The annealing residue is the solid residue that remains after heating (annealing) a sample to a high temperature (usually 550-600°C). This residue consists of non-combustible or inorganic substances such as minerals or metal oxides. In water and wastewater treatment, the annealing residue is used to determine the proportion of
The loss on ignition is the mass of organic substances that burn when a sample is heated to a high temperature (up to 550°C) and escape in the form of gas. In water and wastewater treatment, the loss on ignition is a measure of the proportion of organic substances in a sample, for example in sludge
Glycol is an organic compound that belongs to the group of dihydric alcohols (diols). The most important representatives are ethylene and propylene glycol, which are used as a heat transfer medium, antifreeze and in industrial water treatment. Glycol is characterized by its high solubility in water and its low freezing points, which makes it particularly suitable for use in
A gas mixing reactor (GMR) is a special reactor in which gas is used to mix the reaction medium. In water and wastewater treatment, GMR reactors are used to improve the exchange of substances between the microorganisms and the substances to be treated. These reactors are often used in anaerobic treatment processes in which the
Greywater refers to slightly contaminated wastewater that comes from households or industry and, unlike blackwater, does not contain any fecal impurities. Typical sources are wastewater from washbasins, showers, bathtubs or washing machines. In industrial processes, gray water can come from cleaning systems or cooling. This type of water offers
